Linux Operating System
we need special kind of software which we called as operating system . An operating system is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provide common services for computer program .
Linux is one of the popular version of unix operating system .it is open sources as its source code is freely available . it is free to use . Linux was designed considering unix comparability . its functionality list is quite similar to that of unix
History of Linux
In 1991 , Helsinki Linux Torvalds , began a project that letter become Linux Kernel . he wrote the program specifically for the hardware he was using and independent of an operating system because he wanted to use the function of his new PC an 80386 processor . Linux Torvalds has created a free operating system kernel. The GPL General Public License is a widely used free software license , which guaranties and user the freedom to run , study share and modify the software . the Unix operating system was conceived and implemented by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie.
Characteristics of Linux
Linux is fast free and easy to use , power laptop and servers around the world Linux has many more feature to amaze in user such as .
1- Portable - Portability means software can work on different types of hardware in way Linux kernel and application program supports their installation on any kind of hardware platform .
2 - Open Source - Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project .
3- Multi-user - Linux is a multiuser system means multiple user can access system resources like memory/ ram/ application program at same time .
4-Multiprogramming - Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple application can run at same time.
5 - Shell - Linux provides a special interpreter program which we can be used to execute command of the operating system. it can be used to do various types of operation , call application program.
6- Security - Linux provide user security using authentication feature like password protection / controlled access to specific file / encryption of data .
7- Most important feature is that it is free to all .
structure of Linux
Linux Operating system provide a interface between CUI ( character user interface ) and GUI ( Graphical user Interface ) In Linux operating system for providing part of this which help to control the working properly . the main part of Linux operating system is Linux / kernel and other is shell.
Kernel - It is part of Linux which is present in between the hardware and the shell . it is present in ROM of the normal computer and come in RAM when system start . Kernel main function is to send work done by computer in memory and also send software instruction .
Shell - This is that part of operating system provide an interface to the user . It take the instruction from the user and convert this instruction in a form which kernel can understand properly . Shell contain all service and control program such as compiler , editor etc.
GUI Form of Linux
In this form of Linux CLI ( command line interface ) provide the service of Graphical User interface (GUI) also. In Linux interface is present in the form window manager and desktop as Linux Graphical User interface is available as present in windows 98, XP or windows 7. As you login Linux operating system its desktop can be seen on the computer screen. On desktop there is stripe at bottom of the desktop which we called pannel on this there is icon button and menu.
Most popular GUI interface of the Linux operating system is as follow
1- K-Desktop Environment
2- Gnome Desktop Environment
K- Desktop Environment
It is the most popular window manager software/desktop of open Linux. This is use very simply with the help of mouse as done in window . It provide graphical window to the user so it can perform various kind of function. In Linux operating system desktop has a very special property that work by a program of a particular desktop can be done in any other desktop.
Following work in can be done in K-desktop.
1- With the help of drag and drop user can Cut , Copy and Paste any Text
2- User can change background of desktop, sound etc.
3- Files and folder can be represent using icon .
Gnome Desktop Environment
This desktop is GUI window manager of open Linux which like k-desktop is user friendly powerful and contain every properties of window . its full name is GNU network object mode environment " which is displayed on the screen as soon as window start . this show pannel tra and some other important icon such as trash start here etc. In pannel tra , the first button is start button for window .
Important under Gnome desktop
1- Search for files - This option is use to search files mode by user , folder and document .
2- Run Program - With the help of this option user can use any file or program by just typing in Text box given on screen .
3- Home Folder - It store all the file and folder made by user and these can be open just by double click of the mouse on these folder of file
4- Games - Games can be play which are available in Linux
CLI Form Of Linux
Linux operating system command line interface which means like window. In linux use of graphic can be done . and more on user can do various work on computer system just by giving command setup in Linux and Unix is same its performed basic function with the help of various command such as making new file , see the store data from the file , make another copy of a file make directory etc.
Some Importan Commands
1- PWD - With the help of this command whole path of the current directory will be displayed on the screen .
/home/girl/data
2- mkdir- With the help of this command we can create one or more the one directory and also with this you can make different level of directory .
mk<directory name>
3- rmdir- By the use of this command any directory / sub-directory can be deleted .
rmdir<directory name >
4- cd- With the help of the command we can go from one directory to another one we can say change the directory.
cd/usr/india
Command Related To File
5-Touch command - By the help of this command a new file can be created whose size is 0 byte means touch command create and empty file.
$touch< file name >
6- Cat command - with the help of this command we can displace the data / information stored in file on computer screen .
$ cat < file name >
7- cp command - with the help of this command we can create duplicate copy of given file or can copy one file into the other file.
$cp < source file > < target file >
8-mv Command - With the help of this command , uses can give a new name to a file or we can say that it just rename it.
$mv < old file name > <new file name>
9- rm command - help of this command file which are present in directory can be deleted and it also can delete more than one file at same time .
$rm <file name >
Other Command
10 -who command - this command is used to see user list which means user who log in the system .
$who
11 -man command - it is an help command which give the information of linux command set .
$man
12 - grep command - With the help of this command user can search an Expression form file and show it
$grep
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